The History of Jiu-Jitsu: from feudal Japan to
the world through Gracie Jiu-Jitsu
Although popular legends link the distant roots
of unarmed combat to ancient monks in India and
China, the documented history of jiu-jitsu
(jūjutsu, the “gentle art”) begins in feudal
Japan, in the 16th century. Developed on the
battlefield by the samurai as a method of
self-defense for situations in which a warrior
lost his sword, jiu-jitsu was based on balance,
leverage, throws and joint locks — making it
possible to use the opponent’s own strength
against them.
Evolution in Japan
Over the centuries, jiu-jitsu branched into many
traditional samurai schools. In the 19th
century, master Jigorō Kanō (1860–1938) stood
out by systematizing and refining these
techniques, creating Judo and founding the
Kōdōkan. Kanō prioritized throws and ground
control, bringing a more scientific and
educational approach to the martial arts.
Among his students was Mitsuyo Maeda
(1878–1941), known as “Count Koma,” who would
later take that knowledge to Brazil.
Arrival in Brazil
In the early 20th century, after travelling
through many countries taking on challenges,
Maeda came to South America and settled in Belém
do Pará, in northern Brazil. There he met Gastão
Gracie, a respected businessman and influential
figure in the region.
Gastão helped Maeda establish himself in Belém
and, in gratitude for that help, the Japanese
master decided to teach his martial art to
Gastão’s eldest son, Carlos Gracie.
Carlos, then a curious and determined young man,
soon fell in love with jiu-jitsu. Captivated by
the efficiency and philosophy behind the art, he
devoted all his energy and discipline to
learning it.
Years later, in Rio de Janeiro, Carlos turned
his great passion into a profession and began
teaching jiu-jitsu. To establish the credibility
of his teaching, he led his brothers in a series
of challenge matches.
The rise of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu
The youngest of the Gracie brothers, Hélio
Gracie, was physically frail and had faced
health limitations since childhood. On medical
advice, he stayed away from physical activity
and spent years simply watching his brothers’
classes.
One day, at 16, when Carlos Gracie — his older
brother and instructor — was late for a class,
Hélio offered to start the session in his place.
Surprisingly, he led the class with such calm
and clarity that the student, at the end, said
he had really enjoyed it and asked to keep
training with Hélio from then on.
That episode marked the start of his journey as
a teacher and the birth of a new way of
practicing jiu-jitsu. While teaching, Hélio
realized he could not perform some traditional
techniques with the same strength and
explosiveness as the others. Determined, he
began adapting the movements, seeking greater
efficiency through leverage, positioning and the
smart use of energy.
Over time, these adaptations gave rise to a
completely new style — more technical, strategic
and accessible, allowing a smaller, lighter
person to defeat bigger and stronger opponents.
This was the birth of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, known
worldwide as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ).
Challenge matches and expansion
In the following decades, the Gracie family
challenged athletes from other disciplines,
proving the system’s effectiveness in real
fights with few restrictions. These public
challenges cemented their reputation in Brazil
and abroad.
Global recognition — the UFC
In 1993, BJJ gained worldwide exposure through
the Ultimate Fighting Championship
(UFC). Representing the family, Royce Gracie won
UFC 1, 2 and 4, overcoming larger opponents with
technique, strategy and control. From then on,
Gracie Jiu-Jitsu spread around the globe and
became the foundation of modern MMA.